Sunday, August 24, 2008

留意过塑料制品底部的标记么？——注意一下对健康很有好处～

这个标记是一个带箭头的三角型 , 三角型里面有一个数字，如下图

假若数字在０５或以上就可以循环再用而数字愈大愈安全
假若小于 "05"，即 "04" 或以下，甚至没有数字，请勿再利用或加热使用。
＊一般矿泉水瓶子底部标示１　（所以不要放在汽车内晒太阳 !!）
＊面摊的塑料耐热碗底部标示５
＊一般泡茶的塑料耐热杯底部标示５
＊雀巢奶精瓶子底部标示２
＊林志玲广告的优酪乳瓶子底部标示２
标记的含义



ＰＥＴ(polyethylene Terephthalate，聚乙烯对苯二甲酸酯)：

ＰＥＴ最初的用途是做为人造纤维，及底片、磁带等，在 1976 年才用于饮料瓶。
以ＰＥＴ为原料做为填充容器，就是俗称的「宝特瓶」。
宝特瓶的硬度、韧性极佳，质量轻（仅玻璃瓶重量的1/9 ～ 1/15），携带和使用方便，生产时能量消耗少，加上不透气、不挥发，耐酸碱，是碳酸饮料的好包材。
近年来成为碳酸饮料、茶、果汁、包装饮用水、酒及酱油等产品之重要填充容器，此外，如清洁剂、洗发精、食品用油、调味品、甜食品、药品、化妆品、及含酒精饮料的包装瓶子，都已在大量使用宝特瓶。
ＰＶＣ(polyvinyl chloride，聚氯乙烯)：

ＰＶＣ材质的发明相当早，且多方应用于工业产品中，由于ＰＶＣ同样具有其它塑料材质的优点，且在加工上、可塑性上相当优良，加上价钱便宜，使用量很普遍，但大多在非食品方面，像水管、雨衣、书包、建材、塑料膜、塑料盒等等。
在容器用途上，多用于填充植物油、清洁剂、糕饼盒及包装饮用水等。
由于该材质因本身含有氯元素，在制瓶、填充、回收再处理之过程中疑有ＶＣＭ单体易释出，有危害人体健康之虞，再加上近年来环保意识高涨，业者已逐渐改用其它材质为填充容器装填产品。
ＰＥ(「polyethylene，聚乙烯」：

ＰＥ是工业、生活上应用最广的塑料，一般常分为高密度聚乙烯（ＨＤＰＥ）与低密度聚乙烯（ＬＤＰＥ）两种。
ＰＥ对于酸性和碱性的抵抗力都很优良。ＨＤＰＥ较ＬＤＰＥ熔点高、硬度大，且更耐腐蚀性液体之侵蚀。
目前市面上所见到的塑料袋及各种半透明或不透明的塑料瓶几乎都是ＰＥ所制造，像清洁剂、洗发精、沐浴乳、食用油、农药…等，大部份以ＨＤＰＥ瓶来盛装。ＬＤＰＥ在现代生活中可谓无所不在，不过不是因为它做成的容器，而是你随处可见的─塑料袋。大部份的塑料袋和塑料膜是用ＬＤＰＥ做成的。
ＰＰ(polypropylene，聚丙烯：

ＰＰ与ＰＥ可说是二兄弟，但若干物理性能及机械性能比ＰＥ好，因此制瓶商常以ＰＥ制造瓶身，瓶盖和把手用有较大硬度与强度的ＰＰ来制造。
ＰＰ熔点高达167℃，耐热，制品可用蒸气消毒是其特点。
以ＰＰ制瓶的，最常见的是豆浆、米浆瓶，还有用来装100％纯果汁、优酪乳、果汁饮料、乳制品 (如布丁)等。
较大的盛器，像水桶、垃圾桶、洗衣槽、箩筐、篮子等等多是以ＰＰ做成。
近年来亦大量使用于制成免洗餐具或免洗杯(供快餐餐饮业者装填冰品使用，如市面盛行之「快可利」连锁店所用之盛装容器)
该材质容器系属不透明或半透明容器，具备有耐酸碱、耐化学物质、耐碰撞及耐高温(约20℃~120℃)等优点。
ＰＳ(polystyrene，聚苯乙烯)：

ＰＳ吸水性低，且其尺寸安定性佳，可用射模、压模、挤压、热成型加工。
一般依其是否经过「发泡」制程区分为发泡与未发泡两类。未发泡ＰＳ主要应用于建材、玩具、文具等，也可常见制成容器填充发酵乳品（如养乐多、健健美、多多等乳制品或乳酸产品）等，近年来亦大量使用于制成免洗餐具。
发泡ＰＳ（即俗称保丽龙）则是在制程中利用发泡剂作20倍至100倍不等之发泡，用于包装家电或信息物品之缓冲包材或具隔热效果之冰淇淋盒、鱼箱等，一般称为EPS（Expanded polystyrene）；同时也用于制成免洗餐具，这种保丽龙通常先做成平板，称为PSP（Expanded polystyrene Paper），再成形加工成各种容器，亦有以食品级EPS注模成形的保丽龙，如咖啡杯，烧仙草杯等即是。

Thursday, August 07, 2008

部分大学教材答案

注册后可用

对偶等菜鸟来说很重要的摄影初级知识……

★什么是光圈优先与快门优先？分别在什么情况下用？

光圈越大，则单位时间内通过的光线越多，反之则越少。光圈的一般表示方法为字母“F+数值”，例如F5.6、F4等等。这里需要注意的是数值越小，表示光圈越大，比如F4就要比F5.6的光圈大，并且两个相邻的光圈值之间相差两倍，也就是说F4比F5.6所通过的光线要大两倍。相对来说快门的定义就很简单了，也就是允许光通过光圈的时间，表示的方式就是数值，例如1/30秒、1/60秒等，同样两个相邻快门之间也相差两倍。

光圈和快门的组合就形成了曝光量，在曝光量一定的情况下，这个组合不是惟一的。例如当前测出正常的曝光组合为F5.6、1/30秒，如果将光圈增大一级也就是F4，那么此时的快门值将变为1/60，这样的组合同样也能达到正常的曝光量。不同的组合虽然可以达到相同的曝光量，但是所拍摄出来的图片效果是不相同的。

这里就涉及到“景深”的概念，所谓景深就是指当镜头对焦于被摄体时，被摄体及其前后的景物有一段清晰的范围，这个范围就叫景深。

a、光圈优先大多用在拍人像以及风景时

光圈优先就是手动定义光圈的大小，相机会根据这个光圈值确定快门速度。由于光圈的大小直接影响着景深，因此在平常的拍摄中此模式使用最为广泛。在拍摄人像时，我们一般采用大光圈长焦距而达到虚化背景获取较浅景深的作用，这样可以突出主体。同时较大的光圈，也能得到较快的快门值，从而提高手持拍摄的稳定。在拍摄风景这一类的照片时，我们往往采用较小的光圈，这样景深的范围比较广，可以使远处和近处的景物都清晰，同样这一点在拍摄夜景时也适用。

b、快门优先多用于拍摄运动的物体上，例如体育运动、行使中的车辆、瀑布、飞行中的物体、烟花、水滴等等。

与光圈优先相反，快门优先是在手动定义快门的情况下通过相机测光而获取光圈值。快门优先多用于拍摄运动的物体上，特别是在体育运动拍摄中最常用。很多朋友在拍摄运动物体时发现，往往拍摄出来的主体是模糊的，这多半就是因为快门的速度不够快。在这种情况下你可以使用快门优先模式，大概确定一个快门值，然后进行拍摄。并且物体的运行一般都是有规律的，那么快门的数值也可以大概估计，例如拍摄行人，快门速度只需要1/125秒就差不多了，而拍摄下落的水滴则需要1 /1000秒。

总之，在光圈优先的情况下，我们可以通过改变光圈的大小来轻松地控制景深，而在快门优先的情况下，利用不同的光圈对运动的物体能达到很好的拍摄效果。这两者都要灵活运用，满足我们不同情况下的拍摄要求。

★怎么拍好人像？

首先，要用到长焦，3--4倍的长焦非常适合拍人像，广角端会使得人像有些变形，不好看，超过4倍甚至更长焦会使得人脸过于扁平，不够生动。其次，光圈优先，选择大光圈，大光圈可以使得快门变快，减少晃动，并且使得背景尽可能的虚化。最好选择点测光，对人脸点测光，并使用曝光锁定。因为其他测光方式容易受到衣服颜色的影响，使得人脸曝光不正常。最后，构图。人像最好占到1/3-1/2，并且脸部在上方1/3处（从下看是0.618处）。这样拍出的人像片就会生动，有视觉的冲击力，让人看着好看。

★拍好微距的两点建议

拍好微距，需要用光、构图讲究技巧。我们首先要掌握的是怎么把微距拍清楚，不要拍糊呢？注意以下两点就行了。

首先，用三角架。手持不稳，放大之后总看到片糊，所以第一条，用三角架。

然后，用自拍机。我们发现，即使用架，在按动快门时仍然带入了晃动，最好的办法，启动自拍机。启动自拍机的方法：按动最中间的功能键，上下键选到驱动模式（即矩形框），左右键选择10秒或2秒，2秒太快，10秒可以有比较充足的准备时间。最后按功能键确定。

★曝光补偿怎么用？分别用在什么情况下？

按动+-键，就会出现曝光补偿调节条，左右键调整正负补偿及大小，一次1/3级。调整好后再按一次+-键确定。曝光补偿怎么应用呢？

总起来讲，是白加黑减，白的环境下，测光有偏低的状况，需要增加，反之亦然。

a、拍摄环境比较昏暗，需要增加亮度，而闪光灯无法起作用时，可对曝光进行补偿，适当增加曝光量。

b、被拍摄的白色物体在照片里看起来是灰色或不够白的时候，要增加曝光量，简单的说就是“越白越加”，这似乎与曝光的基本原则和习惯是背道而驰的，其实不然，这是因为相机的测光往往以中心的主体为偏重，白色的主体会让相机误以为很环境很明亮，因而曝光不足，这也是多数初学者易犯的通病。

c、当你在一个很亮的背景前拍摄的时候，比如向阳的窗户前，逆光的景物等要增加曝光量或使用闪光灯。

d、当你在海滩、雪地、阳光充足或一个白色背景前，拍摄人物的时候，要增加曝光量并使用闪光灯，否则主体反而偏暗。

e、拍摄雪景的时候，背景光线被雪反射得特别强，相机的测光偏差特别大，此时要增加曝光量，否则白雪将变成灰色。

f、拍摄黑色的物体，在照片里看和色变色发灰的时候，应该减小曝光量，使黑色更纯。

g、当你在一个黑色背景前拍摄的时候，也需要降低一点曝光量以免主体曝光过度。（夜景拍摄需要通过加大曝光补偿来获得足够的曝光量）

h、夜景拍摄，应该关闭闪光灯，提高曝光值，靠延长相机的曝光时间来取得灯火辉煌的效果，这一点对于没有手动调整模式的自动型数码相机特别重要。很多使用数码相机的人感觉夜景拍摄能力很差，其实没有正确使用相机的曝光方法是重要原因之一。

i、阴天和大雾的时候，环境仍然是明亮的，但是实际物体的照度明显不足，如果不加曝光补偿则可能造成照片昏暗，适当的曝光补偿，加0.3到0.7可以使得景物亮度更加自然。

j、在某些艺术摄影中，比如拍摄高调的照片，要增加曝光补偿，形成大对比度的照片，更好地表现作者的拍摄意图。同样的，在某些时候，需要刻意降低照片亮度的，就应降低曝光补偿。

善于应用、合理使用曝光补偿，可以大大改善你的摄影作品的成功率，拍出画面清晰，亮度合适，观看舒适的照片，提高拍摄质量。

★开启屏幕上的网格线有何用途？（兼谈构图）
首先说怎么开启屏幕的网格线显示，按MENU键，按下方向键数次到网格线，用左右方向键选择开，按MRNU键确定退出，就开启了网格线显示。
我们知道，0.618的黄金分割比例能给人美感。所以安排片中的兴趣点在4个焦点上，或在分割线上，就会给人视觉的美感。网格线就方便的给我们提供了这样的参照。
除了以上注意黄金点构图外，还应注意以下几点：
a、避免贯穿两边的直线，尤其要避免将照片分割成两部分的贯穿横线或竖线。
b、地平线的处理。在风光作品里，地平线是经常出现的，为避免上下分割的效果，应设法打破地平线的平直，如利用云彩、远山、日出、日落或其它建筑物。此外，地平线的位置也应安排在趣味中心的分割线上，并且应保持水平（有特殊创意另当别论）。
c、拍摄运动的物体要给运动的前方留有一定的空间。当被摄体是运动的，观赏者的目光会习惯性地沿被摄体运动方向移动，如果运动的前方没有空间会给人压迫感。此外，通常被摄体注视的方向也应留有相对较大的空间。
当然除了重视构图基本原则外，还应注意：
a、突出主体
在拍摄之前，心里要像绘画前那样首先“立意”，考虑照片画面中，主要表现什么，被摄主体安排在什么地方。然后通过光线、色彩、线条、形态等造型手段，来达到突出主体的目的。
b、视觉平衡
一幅构图达到视觉平衡的照片、能给人以稳定、协调的感觉。平衡有对称平衡及非对称平衡两种、非对称平衡的构图，往往比对称平衡的构图更富有动感。景物的大小、形状、重量和方向、以及色彩等都对视觉平衡有重要影响。
c、虚实相映
虚实是指被摄主体与空间前、后景的清晰、模糊的程度。运用的手法不外乎藏虚露实、虚实相间、虚宾实主、以虚托实。其目的是为了突出主体，渲染气氛，增强空间纵深感。实，主要是表现被摄对象的主体；虚、主要是表现被摄对象的陪体，以衬托主体，它是构成画面意境的重要环节。
讲究节奏与旋律摄影构图，被摄对象以相同或近似的形式交替出现，有条理地重复，便形成节奏；节奏如果表现出线条、舒畅、和谐、起伏等动态变化，就成为旋律，从而使画面优美、抒情而流畅。节奏与旋律是深化主题的重要环节，它们包含在线条、色彩、光线的反差与色调中。
d、线条运用
线条是构图的骨架。任何形象化的作品，都离不开线条。通常起线条作用的有树、草、电线杆、河流、波浪等，不同的线条能给人以不同的视觉形象，如水平线能表示稳定和宁静，垂直线能表示庄重和力量，斜行线则具有生气，活力和动感，曲线和波浪线显得柔弱、悠闲，富有吸引力；浓线重，淡线轻，粗线强，细线弱，实线静，虚线动，构图时可灵活地加以运用。
★怎么让我的照片更漂亮？（兼谈数码照片的后期处理方法）
1）、调整色阶
对于佳能相机，成像感觉偏软，主要原因是色阶宽，容度大，有人说是缺点，大部分人认为是优点，利于后期处理。所以，当我们拍完片后，第一步要作的就是调整色阶。但自动调整色阶后，颜色会变化，一般手动调整。不过我比较懒，我的做法就是在PHOTOSHOP中调一次自动颜色就够了。如果不满意，可以再调整曲线。
2）、对于人像
接下来，可以点选人像，反选，然后高斯模糊背景。用图章工具将脸部色斑修掉，然后必要时可以作磨皮。磨皮，可以用Turbopicture的皮肤优化功能。
3）、对于微距和风景
可以根据情况增加一点锐度，会使得图像更清晰锐利。还可以根据情况，选用正片效果。
★太阳落山前或者阴天怎么拍摄？
白天或者夜晚，都可以得到我们想要的效果，自动白平衡很准确。但只有太阳落山前后那段时间，或者阴云天气下，拍出的片子雾朦朦，很不理想。
经过试验得到如下经验，在这种情况下，需要调节白平衡，先扳到P档开始的手动档，按功能键，下方向键，选到AWB，然后选到阴天，按功能键确定退出。
再试试，是不是得到了我们想要的效果？如果还仍然不理想，请设置手动白平衡。
★怎么将测光或对焦的方框调到我们想要的位置？
很简单，按动两次左上角的+-键，就会出现一个绿框，调节上下左右方向键到我们想要的位置，然后再按一次+-键确定退出就行了。
★为什么拍的照片不清楚？
刚刚拿到相机的朋友常常出现的情况，试拍几张发现，照片不清楚。为什么？首先因为你没有对准焦距，你需要半按快门，在你需要拍的主体上出现绿框后，才是对焦准确，然后构图全按快门，这样拍出的片才是清楚的。即使我们的操作熟练了，往往也会出现不了绿框（出现的是桔黄色框），一般这时光线较暗，你需要调整拍摄模式、变换角度、增加光线、打开闪光灯等方式来克服。如果以上方式都不见效，你还可以用手动调焦，手动调焦的方法我们在以前的贴子中介绍过了。影响片子清晰，还有一个因素，就是手晃，出现重影，使得片子不清晰，这种情况，只能用三角架加自拍机来克服了。
★如何判断曝光是否正确？
对于一幅图，首先要求曝光准确，然后才是构图立意。怎么判断曝光准确呢？浏览模式，display，连按动几次会出现图像很小的模式，左下是波浪线，右边参数。
波浪线就是所说的直方图，波浪线集中在左边，图像曝光不足；波浪线集中在右边，过曝；均匀的分布在中间才是曝光准确。具体可以参看相机使用指南第19页。
我们需要养成一个观察直方图的习惯，特别是在暗处曝光把握不大的情况下。
★点测光就是测定绿框中的一个点吗？
其实这是对点测的误解。
1、点测光。点测的面积大约占整个片的2-3%，基本就是绿框内的部分。点测光基本上不受测光区域外其它景物亮度的影响，因此，可以很方便地使用点测光对被摄体或背景的各个区域进行检测。点测光具有较高的灵敏度和精度。但不管怎样，一定要记住，要想实现准确曝光，测光对象应该适合18%灰的要求。
2、中央重点平均。中央重点平均测光主要是测量取景屏画面中央长方形或圆形（椭圆形）范围内的亮度，画面其它区域则给以平均测光，长方形或圆形（椭圆形）范围外的亮度对测光结果的影响较小。至于中央面积的多少，因相机不同而异，约占全画面的20-30%。
由于是依据画面中央最重要主体的光亮度来读取合适的曝光值，显然，这种测光系统的精度高于平均测光。中央重点测光系统一般用于中档小型数码相机，这种测光模式较适用于人像写真拍摄。
3、智能测光。九点智能就是分区测光，然后通过相机内的微电脑对各个区域的测光信息进行运算、比较，并参照被摄主体的位置，推测出被摄体的受光状态是逆光还是一般光照，从而决定每个区域的测光加权比重，全部衡量后，计算出合适的曝光值。
★怎样让我们的图片包含声音信息？
我们可以在图片中放入声音的说明，比如，在旅游时拍片的感受、当时的气氛、所处地点等等图片视觉信息不能包容的信息，甚至可以做旅游的声音日记。给孩子拍片时录下孩子的声音。怎么实现？
浏览模式下---按动MENU键--下方向键--声音纪录
然后左右键选择那个红的圆的录音键之后按动MENU键开始录音，录完之后按动MENU键停止,选择三角形的那个播放键用MENU键确定，可以回放生音。
★怎么在室内给孩子拍片？
这种情况是稍稍麻烦点。首先用光圈优先，将光圈调整到最大；其次布置光线，虽然不能用闪光灯，我们可以将孩子带到窗户旁比较明亮的地方，如果晚上我们可以用台灯等光；孩子常会乱动，可以考虑手动调焦，先将点测光锁定，将焦距调整好后，然后半按住快门移动步伐，等待孩子出现有趣的可爱的表情时快速按下快门。
★怎么做才能将背景虚化？
首先光圈优先，光圈调整到最大（即F后面的数值最小，比如F2.8）；焦距调大，越大虚化越好；安排前景的人或物离的背景远一些，越远虚化越好；如果以上仍然不理想，可以通过后期处理的方法做的直到满意，在PS中点选背景，然后用模糊滤镜设定参数处理就行了。
★怎样拍电视上的图？
电视的影像是由525根光线--扫描线，以大约1/25秒扫描全屏一遍的速度形成的（大约每秒25桢的速度刷新）。所以，在拍摄电视画面的时候，如果选用的快门速度不当的话，就会出现黑带，那是因为在曝光的一瞬间那里没有被扫描到。为了不出现黑带，拍摄的时候选用的快门速度以1/8~1/15为宜，曝光应该使用快门优先模式。
★拍宠物时应注意什么？
●在拍摄小动物的时候，对焦的焦点一定要定在眼睛上。这是必须要注意的。
●相机的高度，应该是在和动物的视线的高度差不多的高度上，这是拍摄小动物的世界的基本姿势。如果是从比较高的高度俯拍，会有一种压迫感，小动物的可爱就会大打折扣--当然这只是说一般的情况下。
●为了表现毛的质感，最好使用自然光。直射光和顺光都不容易表现质感，最好是逆光拍摄，质感是最强烈的。当阴影太强的时候，可能会需要补光。在晚上补光的时候，要注意使用红眼消除功能。
●如果想拍摄比较好的表情，最好使用50~100mm的变焦。相当于我们的610/620的10.4--29.2段的变焦。
★怎么拍瀑布？
1、快门速度，一般需要一个比较慢的速度，在1/60--1/10秒之间。具体还需要根据水量的大小，水量大快门可以快些，水量小快门可以慢些。
2、尽量用广角拍。广角才会拍出气势。
3、一般由下往上拍，尽量用低角度仰拍。
4、正确曝光。用点测光来测试拍摄场景中最暗并且我能辨得清细节的地方，然后通过提高快门速度来调整两级光值。举个例子，如果测光显示石头的曝光组合是1/60s以及光圈f/5.6，你可以调到全手动档，其调整为1/15秒与光圈f/5.6。然后重新拍摄，拍出的照片会较黑，但细节部位仍是清楚的。
★集体人像如何拍的更好
A、光圈优先模式用最佳光圈。最佳光圈不是最大也不是最小，一般是F5--7之间的光圈。
B、变焦到4-5倍左右，即标准镜头50MM的位置最佳，变焦段共有9段8级，大约就是从广角调一下后的变焦。
C、仰拍比俯拍好，但也不要太低，镜头最好与第一排人眼等高，除非有很多排。排数越多，景深要大一些。
D、取景要尽量取满，一般相机取景器都有一点余量，冲印一般没问题，至少用底扫是没问题的，千万不要试图包含旁边或背后的景色，人占的画面较小，那不是集体合影的目的。
E、顺光最好，因为集体照的要求和艺术照不一样，曝光准确，没人闭眼，没有遮挡，表情自然就算非常成功了，稍有一点不自然也算可以。侧光容易产生互相之间的阴影，逆光如果按面部曝光，背景和边缘会过曝严重，细节也会有损失。室外以薄云或多云天气为宜，太强的阳光会产生眯眼和皱眉。室内没拍过，布光当然比阳光下自由一些。靠反光板补光不现实，不用考虑。
F、要根据人衣服颜色进行曝光补偿
G、最好用三角架。
H、多照几张，难免有人会眨眼。姿势摆布力求自然，不要象政治局常委。
I、对焦对在靠近相机1/3人群处。有4、5排对在2排，2、3排对在1排。
★拍花的技巧
对于拍花要讲究点技巧才能拍得好看，我们以前说过要在拍之前喷点水可以增加花的层次感以及娇翠欲滴的感觉，此外还应注意以下几点：
1、测光方式最好用点测光，测花最亮的部分，使得花整体细节都能表现清楚。
2、拍摄模式最好光圈优先，可以适当控制背景的虚化或者控制景深。
3、拍摄角度，不要只拍正面，可同时拍不同角度的7、8张片。从而可以选择最漂亮的角度。
4、背景。选择背景是深色（如很浓密的树叶、深色墙等）的花作为拍摄的对象。
用一大块黑色的布摆在花的背后，离花要远一点，近了要看见布纹。黑布摆的方法，可以直接平放在地上，也可以挂在花的背后，也可以把黑布蒙在一块板上立在花的背后。
后期制作时，在Ｐhotoshop里把背景色做（换）成黑色或其他的色。
★如何拍好水景
摄影者常坐船在江河湖海上尽情游玩，拍摄水景同样是一件饶有趣味的活动，但也有其独特的拍摄要求。
一般拍水景时，不能曝光不足。因为自然界的水源常常受到天空的映衬，有强烈的反光，宛如一个巨大的发光体一般。拍摄时如仅依靠相机的测光指示来处理曝光量，常常会出现曝光不足，这是因为天空与一般景物的亮度相差非常大。拍摄具有天空反光的水景时，至少需按照相机测光指示再加2挡左右的曝光量。拍摄波光舟影的画面要讲究用光，根据画面中的明暗关系来突出被摄对象的主体。
为使拍摄的水景有特殊效果。一种方法是采用高速快门，比如1/1000秒以上来凝结运动的水，如海浪等。取景合适、曝光得当的话，可能获得喷珠溅玉般的效果，我们在一些表现海浪的摄影作品中常可以看到类似手法。
另一种方法是借助慢速快门获得画面中流水虚幻迷茫的效果。这种方法拍摄的照片艺术特点非常鲜明，流水常呈现出宛如云霞的缥缈感。附图拍摄于江西某村口，这个地方实际上并不十分出色，但通过慢速快门的作用，小溪的流水有了新的魅力，使原来很平常的一幅山村小景变得富有趣味。
必须指出的是，要反映出流水的运动感，需要根据流水的速度缓急来选择快门速度，水流的速度快，所选快门速度宜高，水流速度慢，选择的快门速度就应低一些。在选择低速快门时，最好使用三脚架来稳住相机，以免晃动相机影响画面的清晰度。
如果有长焦镜头，还可利用其压缩空间的特性来拍摄水的波纹，当波浪经长焦镜头压缩后，会呈现出非常有韵律的线条，妙不可言。
★对焦时遇到的问题
A、暗处对焦困难怎么办？
A系列相机在暗处使用时对焦比较困难，首先要保证开启自动对焦辅助光，并且保证你的右手没有阻挡这个光（光源在前面取景框的右边）。然后对焦框不要全部充满单一的颜色，可以试着包括进一个边缘，比如拍人像时，对准了脸部，可以再侧一侧，在对焦框中出现脸边，也就是框内除了脸还有脸部外的空间。这是基于对焦原理来做的，因为对焦对相机来说，有一个累积浓淡比运算过程。这样对焦就比较容易了。
B、自拍时怎么对焦？
自拍时可以启动自拍机，但怎么对焦呢？很简单，用手动对焦，手动对焦的方法前面已经说过了，需要再讲讲此时怎么曝光，找跟脸部颜色相近的物体，对准之后曝光锁定。要注意顺序，先手动调焦，再曝光锁定，然后按动下快门。
★什么叫白平衡，它起什么作用？
要了解什么叫白平衡，就要先知道什么叫色温。色温通俗的说，就是光线的温度，用K表示，中午的太阳直射光的色温大约5500K，这时光线是白的；高于这个数字，光线就发蓝甚至发紫；低于这个数字，光线就发黄甚至发红。在不同色温的光线下，相机记录的图像颜色是不一样的，白平衡就是根据拍摄时光线的色温来设置不同的补偿方式，使照片的色泽接近于你眼睛所看到的画面的色泽。你可以根据拍摄时的光线情况，设置不同的白平衡补偿方式，如晴天、阴天、白炽灯、荧光灯等。也可以设置为自动白平衡，让相机自动选择。
自定义白平衡是让用户来自己决定白平衡的补偿方式，在你转换到自定义白平衡时，在显示屏的左上方会出现一个显示，让你按MENU键来自定义，你将相机对准白纸，按下MENU键（这时显示屏亮一下），相机就会记着这个白色，以后再拍摄时（仍需设置到自定义白平衡），相机就会以这个白色为基准对照片进行色温的补偿，这给照片的色彩还原提供了一个更方便的设置。
★夜景模式和特殊场景（SCN）中的夜景有何区别？
夜景模式是在背景光线较暗时使用，如日出日落时，相机自动设置为慢速快门（最大1秒），使用闪光灯（闪光强度可调），既拍摄环境又拍摄人物，人物后面没有暗影或暗影较轻。而特殊场景（SCN）里的夜景拍摄，是在夜间光线很暗时使用，相机自动设置为较快的快门速度（最低1/8秒），使用闪光灯（闪光强度不可调），使你不用三角架就能拍出人物照片，但这时背景可能是黑的，或在人物后面有较强的暗影。
★闪光灯的前帘同步和后帘同步有何区别？
闪光灯的前帘同步是快门刚开启的一瞬间闪光，而后帘同步是快门将要闭合前的一瞬间闪光。使用高快门速度时两者效果差不多，但使用低快门速度（如快门速度1/15秒以下）拍摄运动物体时，前帘同步会在物体的前面形成拖影，后帘同步会在物体的后面形成拖影。
★怎样才能把运动物体拍清楚？
拍摄运动物体有两种方法，一是运动物体和背景都是清楚的，这要使用较快的快门速度。物体相当于你的移动速度越快，要求你使用的快门速度也就越高。比如你要拍摄在距你10米远的地方以60公里/秒飞驰而过的汽车，那你就必须使用1/500~1/1000秒的快门速度，才可能把它拍清楚。这时除运动物体外，背景也是清楚的。二是运动物体清楚而背景模糊，这要使用追随拍摄法：事先调好焦距（使用手动对焦或对焦锁定），使用较慢的快门速度（1/30~1 /60），镜头跟随物体运动，在运动中按下快门拍摄，这时拍出的照片运动物体是清楚的，而背景是模糊的，可以拍出动感效果。但第二种方法很不好掌握，需要长期锻炼才能拍好。

七招拍夜景
1.夜拍也讲究拍摄地点
夜景拍摄还要讲究地点的选择吗？答案当然是肯定的！可以说夜晚炫目的灯光是进行夜景拍摄的前提条件，没有灯或灯光稀少，物体就不能表现出来，或表现不清楚。有了足够的灯光，不仅可以使物体呈现层次，也可以使画面更加明亮和清晰。因此，选取合适的拍摄地点是相当重要的。
2.夜拍器材有些讲究
虽然任何一部数码相机都可以拍夜景，但是器材的差别最终会决定片子的效果差异。首先要有一部提供光圈优先、快门优先功能、曝光补偿功能的数码相机。由于四周灯光容易干扰拍片的效果甚至形成光斑，数码相机的遮光罩则可以轻松地解决上面的问题，如果没有遮光罩的话也可以临时用大一点的书或其他物体遮挡。
此外，夜景拍摄中大部分时间都需要长时间曝光，手持拍摄基本上是不可能，因此需要使用三脚架以固定相机。如果相机备有快门线或者遥控器的话则更易拍出清晰的片子(如果两者皆没有的话，可以尝试使用相机的自拍功能)。对于新手来说，没有三脚架的时候可以因地制宜地选取路边的栏杆或者半人高的围墙作固定相机之用。当没有任何依靠的东西时，可以尝试使用高感光值和大光圈进行手持拍摄。
3.夜拍实战技巧
目前许多中高档的数码相机都提供P(自动)、A(光圈优先)、S(快门优先)、M(手动)曝光的拍摄模式，此外大多数的数码相机都提供了场景拍摄模式，最常见的模式就是夜景模式和微距模式两种。对于新手来说使用有夜景拍摄模式的数码相机进行拍摄是最方便和有效的方法。如果你的相机没有提供场景拍摄的模式，那么在拍摄时需要注意以下几个方面：
4.光圈与快门
一般情况下，除了特别需要，我们都喜欢使用较小的光圈值(大概F8至11左右)以增加曝光时间。较小的光圈可以令远景与近景画面同样清晰与细致，特别是商店橱窗的霓虹灯招牌可以清晰的显示，否则霓虹灯招牌就会形成一团光，看起来模糊不清。有意思的时，只要曝光时间足够长，路上的行人就不会出现在照片里(原因是人群在移动，在长时间曝光下，人的身影便变得不明显)，而行驶在路上的汽车则会形成一道道光的影子(光圈值F7、曝光时长12秒、ISO值 160)。如果你想要以夜景中的人群为拍摄的主体，那么就得使用较大的光圈(F5.6左右，太大会使背景虚化)或者使用高感光度(ISO)来提高快门速度。
5.进行准确的测光
相信拍摄夜景最令人觉得困难的地方就是测光了。当拍摄远距离夜景时，黑色的天空会影响相机的测光读数，使拍摄出来的照片曝光过度。此外，如果在拍摄时受到射灯或其他强光影响，某种程度上照片便会曝光不足。大部分数码相机都备有多种测光模式，因此，应根据实际情况选择对应的测光模式。因为不同的测光模式会直接影响照片的曝光准确度。为了拍摄迷人的夜景，最好在拍摄时适当地做一两级曝光补偿调整。如果使用快门优先或光圈优先模式进行拍摄时，很多时候也会出现曝光过度的现象，这时如何调整曝光补偿值就得由大家去多多尝试了。
6.如何使用白平衡
选择不同的白平衡，将直接影响到照片的色调以及所表达的意境。一般来说不要选择自动白平衡，这样会影响到灯光固有的颜色，使之失去特有的色温感觉。如果是拍摄城市夜景的话，一般来说我们都会使用Tungsten(钨丝灯)白平衡，因为用这种白平衡比较接近灯光的效果。当然这也不是绝对的，视乎环境而定。
7.夜景中的对焦
由于普通数码相机对焦感应器对于低反差和低亮度的景物难以准确对焦，所以在进行夜景拍摄对焦时，尽量将对焦点对准明亮的景物上，对准焦点后再锁定焦距进行构图。当然也可以切换到手动对焦，利用LCD来查看对焦的效果。大概估计景物和相机之间的距离，然后通过LCD的数值显示，选择合适的焦距。
除了以上几个方面之外，在拍摄夜景时最好避免使用闪光灯，这样会破坏现场的气氛，并且一般的随机闪光灯在夜景拍摄中也起不到太大作用。想要拍出好的夜景片子，除了多拍之外，还要多看别人拍的片子，从中学习拍摄的技巧与方法。

Monday, July 21, 2008

PPC中将存储卡名称修改的方法

这是SD卡名称的修改地址
\HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\System\StorageManager\Profiles\SDMemory\Folder 键值修改SD卡名称（默认为存储卡）将值数据改为英文的Storage Card或者自取一个英文名。然后软启一下就可以了
我的Touch Cruise繁体中文系统默认为：儲存卡

这是MMC卡名称的修改地址
\HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\System\StorageManager\Profiles\SDMMC\Folder 键值修改MMC卡名称（默认为存储卡）将值数据改为英文的Storage Card或者自取一个英文名。然后软启一下就可以了
我的Touch Cruise繁体中文系统默认为：儲存卡

这个主要用于解决繁体系统创建快捷方式时的错误问题，也可以解决不同语言的系统使用绿色版导航软件时的配置问题。（有些导航软件默认是需要从\Storage Card\XXX这个路径开启的）

Thursday, July 17, 2008

WM中如何消除短信发送后系统管理员发回的已发送通知和弹出的对话框：消息已发送

1、何消除短信发送后系统管理员发回的已发送通知

进入短信界面，点“菜单”-消息选项，出现“要求送达通知”，把前面的勾去掉。

2、如何消除“消息已发送”的提示

在注册表里面添加如下项HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\software\microsoft\inbox\settings\ SMSNoSentMsg(DWORD值)把值设成1就可以了.

Friday, July 11, 2008

[7.11.2008][ss1271][Kaiser][CE5.2.19212(19588)]_10M雅黑_常用集成V1

[7.11.2008][ss1271][Kaiser][CE5.2.19212(19588)]_10M雅黑_常用集成V1
各位大大，这个是本人自己做的ROM
用了台版官方的最新19212的XIP和19588的模板混血而成，ROM中不带Radio，需要的朋友请自行下载喜欢的版本
本ROM推荐Radio为1.27
下载地址为：
MegaUpload
QQ中转站，提取码91778551
主要特色是，集成了我觉得常用的软件（绝不拖沓和多余的），还加上了用英文ROM的朋友们习惯用的RSS Hub。
集成了支持硬键盘的梅花6，原版英文键盘，T9英文输入，这三个输入法。
ROM下载地址
QQ中转站，提取码 869c7ac8
以下是系统的截图……

-----------------
请有兴趣的机油在回帖中报告给我错误，我将在后续版中改正……
谢谢大家支持！
本人第一次发ROM，都是经过本机亲自测试没有问题后才发上去的，如果有一些不可预知的问题，还请海涵！

Thursday, July 10, 2008

TOPIC: ARGUMENT45

TOPIC: ARGUMENT45 - The following appeared as an editorial in a wildlife journal.

"Arctic deer live on islands in Canada's arctic region. They search for food by moving over ice from island to island during the course of a year. Their habitat is limited to areas warm enough to sustain the plants on which they feed, and cold enough, at least some of the year, for the ice to cover the sea separating the islands, allowing the deer to travel over it. Unfortunately, according to reports from local hunters, the deer populations are declining. Since these reports coincide with recent global warming trends that have caused the sea ice to melt, we can conclude that the decline in arctic deer populations is the result of deer being unable to follow their age-old migration patterns across the frozen sea."

WORDS:380 TIME:00:50:46 DATE:2008-7-10 21:45:00

This statement asserts that the declining of arctic deer is caused by recent global warming trends, which results to the sea ice to melt and apparently blocks the deer's age-old migration patterns across the frozen sea. However, the opinion cannot be accepted due to some obviously logical fallacious.

First, the statement mentioned that according to reports from local hunters, the deer populations are declining, which is not convincible in statistic. As a common practice, the arctic deer may spread in mass area in the arctic region of Canada. In the mean time, we also have insufficient information of those hunters' location, thus, we can reasonable assume that it is possible in one small area, the arctic deer is declining, but they are increasing in the whole region.

Second, the reports it selves is too vague to be informative. The time when the reports are been surveyed is unknown. It is possible that the arctic deer are under migrating while the reports are been made, thus the reports will show a inaccurate stat that the deer are declining. According to this, the judgments of local hunters are lack of credibility.

Third, the statement obviously ignored that there are mass of environmental factors, except the mentioned global warming trends, will contribute to this species' declining. The habitant of this deer is in arctic region where the UV protect layer, a layer that keeps creatures on earth from harming ray from space, is sharply attenuating and the whole arctic area is overdose exposed under the UV, which can damage the creature's reproductive organ. Therefore, it is reasonable to believe that the UV may play a important role in this species' declining.

In addition, the recent research shows that some poisonous chemical, for example, DDT, is accumulating in the arctic creatures. Those poisonous chemical may also have a negative effect on their reproduction, then declining their species as a result. The statement does not consider these possibilities, thus the conclusion is doubtful.

In sum, the statement cannot be trusted due to a failure of credible in the reports and a ignorance of other possible factors. To make this result convincible, the statement should provide the coverage area of those hunters and when the reports are been made. The other possible factors are also necessities.

Wednesday, July 09, 2008

Argument 51

TOPIC: ARGUMENT51 - The following appeared in a medical newsletter.

"Doctors have long suspected that secondary infections may keep some patients from healing quickly after severe muscle strain. This hypothesis has now been proved by preliminary results of a study of two groups of patients. The first group of patients, all being treated for muscle injuries by Dr. Newland, a doctor who specializes in sports medicine, took antibiotics regularly throughout their treatment. Their recuperation time was, on average, 40 percent quicker than typically expected. Patients in the second group, all being treated by Dr. Alton, a general physician, were given sugar pills, although the patients believed they were taking antibiotics. Their average recuperation time was not significantly reduced. Therefore, all patients who are diagnosed with muscle strain would be well advised to take antibiotics as part of their treatment."

WORDS: 405 TIME: 01:02:43 DATE: 2008/7/9 21:57:07

The medical newsletter claims that all patients who are diagnosed with muscle strain would be well advised to take antibiotics as part of their treatment, and it also provides the experiments conducted by Dr. Newland and Dr. Alton to support this theory. However, this theory has some appreciate logical fallacious.

First, the experiment is not credible in both statistic and scientific. There are two groups of patients who have participated in the experiment and each quantity of the group is not informed, thus we cannot certain if the two group is equal in participants, therefore the percentage in the results is not statistically reliable. Moreover, the experiment itself has some flaws. It is doubtful that whatever the sugar pills or antibiotics, which Dr. Alton and Dr. Newland had given to their patients, may have some negative effect just on the muscle strain. Assuming the pills have negative effects, the comparison of recuperation time of the two groups is invalid.

On the second hand, the medical newsletter cannot guarantee that the two doctors have the same ability in treating muscle strain. As the information provided above, it is reasonable to believe that Dr. Newland, a doctor who specializes in sports medicine, may or apparently has some advantages in treating such muscle strains while Dr. Alton may not have those advantages. The ability of doctors is different, let alone to comparing their patients' recuperation.

Then, the results of both Dr. Newland and Dr. Alton are too vague to be informative. The newsletter provided only a percentage comparison to prove that Dr. Newland's treatment can significantly reduce the recuperation time while Dr. Alton cannot. The percentage comparison can be convincible just under the circumstance that we have informed the total figure of these percentages before, and without that, the results are inconvincible.

Fourth, the medical newsletter also provides insufficient information on the details of muscle injuries and the age of the two groups. As we know, both types of muscle injuries and ages can have variety impacts on the experiment results. Maybe the first group is younger and they also have light muscle injuries while the second group is elder and have critical injuries, therefore the first group can recuperating faster than the second group.

In sum, the experiment's results are inconvincible due to these logical flaws listed above. To make the results reliable, the newsletter may have to reconsider the scientifically and statistically fallacious on their experiment.

Sunday, July 06, 2008

TOPIC: ARGUMENT36

TOPIC: ARGUMENT36 - The following appeared in an article written by Dr. Karp, an anthropologist.

"Twenty years ago Dr. Field, a noted anthropologist, visited the island of Tertia and concluded from his observations that children in Tertia were reared by an entire village rather than by their own biological parents. However, my recent interviews with children living in the group of islands that includes Tertia show that these children spend much more time talking about their biological parents than about other adults in the village. This research proves that Dr. Field's conclusion about Tertian village culture is false, and thus that the observation-centered approach to studying cultures is invalid. Because they are using the interview-centered method, my team of graduate students working in Tertia will establish a much more accurate understanding of child-rearing traditions there and in other island cultures."

WORDS: 304 TIME: 00:39:36 DATE: 2008/7/6 21:22:05

The statement of Dr.Karp asserted that the island of Tertia does not have a custom that rearing a child by the whole village rather than his biological parents. And, in this statement, Dr. Karp also thought that the observation-centred approach by Dr. Field was not accurate.

However, in the first, Dr. Karp fails to bring out the quantity of his interview samples. We are lack of the information that whether Dr. Karp's interview covered all parts of the islands. If the sample quantity is insufficient, the interview is lack of statistic reliablity, and any conclusion based on this interview cannot be trusted.

On the second hand, it is unconvincable that these children spend much more time talking about their biological parents than about other adults in the village can prove that these children is reared by their biological parents. Dr. Karp fails to figure out the connection between talking partners and the persons who are in charge of rearing children. It is reasonable to assume that these children talking much more to their biological parents just for the reason of they are living close. Maybe these children are living together with their biological parents, and, as we know, living together needs more communication.

Moreover, Dr. Karp draws a conclusion that the observation-centered approach to studying culture is invalid just because the doctor think that one research via this method is false. This judgement is lack of evidence. Dr. Karp's research is lack of reliability and every conclusion based on this research is doubtful, let alone thus uncertain conclusion is been used to assail another one.

In sum, if Dr. Karp intends to prove that his research is reliable, he must bring out a statistically convincable interview, which is a fundamental of all his theory, and provide more evidence before assailing an approach is invalid.

TOPIC: ARGUMENT200

TOPIC: ARGUMENT200 - Statistics collected from dentists indicate that three times more men than women faint while visiting the dentist. This evidence suggests that men are more likely to be distressed about having dental work done than women are. Thus, dentists who advertise to attract patients should target the male consumer and emphasize both the effectiveness of their anesthetic techniques and the sensitivity of their staff to nervous or suffering patients.

WORDS: 292 TIME: 00:45:00 DATE: 2008/7/6 22:09:31

This statement asserts that according to a statistics collected from dentists, three times more men than women faint while visiting the dentist, and it also draws a conclusion that the dentists should emphasize both the effectiveness of their anesthetic techniques and the sensitivity of their staff to nervous or suffering patients.

Firstly, the statistics is inconvincible in statistic. We are lack of the information about the quantity of the dentists and the interviewing area. Lacking of these information, the statistics cannot be trusted. It is reasonable to assume that the samples of this statistics are been collected in the same blocks, which is not scientifically reliable.

Secondly, the statement fails to inform us about the symptoms of the patients before they are visiting the dentists. As we know, some diseases can lead to a sudden faint under some specific circumstances. Therefore, it is inconvincible that the evidence suggests that men are more likely to be distressed about having dental work done than women are.

Thirdly, to decrease faint in visiting the dentist has not any direct connections with improving anesthetic techniques and staff service. Maybe it is the anesthetic drug injections it selves that lead to more faint. Therefore, improving anesthetic techniques and staff service may not help to decrease the number of faint customers in visiting the dentist; the advertisement to attracting just male consumer cannot convince us.

In the final analysis, the statistics do not provide a convincible conclusion, and the dentists who advertise to attract patients cannot believe these results. To make the conclusion more reliable, we need to be informed about the details of the quantity of the statistic samples, and clarify that if there is any other possible reason to lead to the faint in visiting the dentist.

Friday, July 04, 2008

N95换壳

手头的银紫配色N95磨损越发严重了，遂决定换壳。
去TB挑到了质量口碑很好的优能外壳。于今天收到外壳，于是将开箱和换壳的过程记录下来。

N95原来的惨状

今天中午外壳运来了……

手机套

工具

外壳套件全家福

买到的是正面高光的黑色外壳

开始拆卸原来的壳

小心主屏幕的排线……

去掉排线后的样子，上下滑盖分离

ARM CPU特写……右边是三星的存储器

卸掉数字键盘

尾插头部分，包含GPS天线和麦克风

主板背面的特写。有很多屏蔽罩。

触点部分特写。
面积最大的触点即为GSM/WCDMA/HSDPA天线，该图中还可以看到扬声器和3.5mm耳机插孔、照相排线以及闪光灯排线

拆卸滑道部分

双向滑道部分拆卸完毕

将GPS天线从原来的尾插剥离，贴到新的外壳上面

上滑盖部分拆卸

注意显示屏排线需要打开插座的开关才可以拆下

显示屏

新外壳的滑道卡锁

黑白键盘合影

装配完成后

Friday, June 27, 2008

TOPIC: ISSUE28

TOPIC: ISSUE28 - "Students should memorize facts only after they have studied the ideas, trends, and concepts that help explain those facts. Students who have learned only facts have learned very little."

WORDS: 426 TIME: 02:34:29 DATE: 2008/6/27 19:07:49

Nowadays we are living in a special society, which is a Sargasso Sea of knowledge one. Living in such a society, newly developed information come from nearly every aspect, thus students cannot acquire the facts and its ideas, trends or concepts of every subject. They need to separate which facts should be dug in with those concepts, trends and ideas and which need not.

Acquiring facts related ideas, trends and concepts, which is the information to explain the facts, before students memorize facts, is an excellent method of study. According to a psychologist’s experiment, the human's brain is a memory that can easily learn those events which is related to the events that the brain has acquired before. That is to say, we can memorize new knowledge effectively if we can find out some other related events in our memory and try to learn both the knowledge and the related events together.

Simply but, if we do not search the related information in our memory while learning a new knowledge, the learning progress will become harder. For example, we can memorize a arithmetic progression quickly due to a formula in our memory that can work out all the numbers that belong to the sequence, however, if we do not know about the formula, we can only memorize the numbers one by one and may never acquire the whole sequence.

On the other hand, it is not all the facts that worth us to acquire the information to explain them. Our profession and occupation determined that in some fields, it is better to memorize facts than to acquire both related information and facts. Cell phones are being widely used now, but only a few professional persons can explain what GSM network is and how the cell phone works. The users of cell phones just need to know that a cell phone can be used to dial, to connect the wireless network and they do not need to figure out how cell phone invented or other details. That means knowledge of just the facts, cell phones, is enough for the users.

Therefore, it is necessary to acquire the related information of the facts when you are in your study field or major course, as you have acquired those information it will help you to memorize the facts smoothly. On the contrary, we cannot dig out all the concepts, ideas and trends that behind the facts in this era of information, which need us to aware that, for the facts out of our field, learn only facts is enough.

Wednesday, June 25, 2008

修复Windows、Linux双系统中因为重装Windows而丢失的GRUB

1、放入Linux盘。随便什么盘，LiveCD、安装盘都可以。设置用Linux光盘引导。

2、进入Linux Rescue模式，出现sh#

3、输入sh#fdisk -l进入磁盘列表。记下来自己Linux和Windows都安装在哪。

4、输入sh#grub，进入Grub配置界面输入

grub>root (hdX,Y)这里的X和Y代表是数字。即hd0,1代表第一块硬盘的第一个分区。根据你刚刚在fdisk里看到的内容填写。

如果正确，它会提示认出这个磁盘格式为Linux

grub>setup (hdX)此处的X和上一个数值保持一致，成功的话，会提示succeed

然后

grub>quit

sh#reboot

修复完成。

Monday, June 23, 2008

Sitman PC复读机V2.3注册方法

Sitman PC复读机7月24日发布了最新的2.3版（官方网站：http://www.sitmansoft.com/），请先去官网下载v2.3的EXE安装版，因为zip版是绿色的，可能使用不正常或者无法使用。

注册方法：
方法一：
在sitman目录中config.ini文件中加入以下一项。
[RegInfo]
RegisterCode=8ac1000323ulgyeq5x
UserName=学英语

方法二：
打开Sitman→单击“帮助”菜单→单击“关于Sitman”→双击左下角的“软件授权”→然后在注册窗口填上：用户名：学英语注册码：8ac1000323ulgyeq5x→最后点“注册”按钮，OK注册成功。

Friday, June 20, 2008

Fedora 8下成功安装ATI移动显卡驱动

(本文同步刊发于新浪blog:http://blog.sina.com.cn/ss1271)

最先前电脑的Win XP
SP2驾崩了，由于忙于期末考试，所以没顾得上重做系统。此番重做系统，一方面是眼馋同学的Ubuntu
8.04 LTS Destop，还有fedora 9，而我的ubuntu
8.04光盘还在荷兰到中国的路上，自己的fedora
9刻坏了，同学的fedora9貌似也有问题，反正不能引导，试过的U盘引导也失败了……

于是心一横，咱重新分区重新做系统～

手头只有Fedora 7的盘，不怵，可以yum到fedora
8嘛……大不了到fedora8再yum到9。

fedora7很顺利装完了，接下来费了我一天，大约10个小时左右，安装或者更新了1000＋个包，总算Yum到了fedora8。不急着到9呢，先把我笔记本上安装多年linux未解决的显卡驱动问题解决了先。

具体步骤如下，首先确认你的fedora内核版本为最新。我用的是fedora
8应该目前不会有更新的fedora 8的内核了。

CODE:

# rpm -Uhv
http://rpm.livna.org/livna-release-8.rpm

# rpm --import http://rpm.livna.org/RPM-LIVNA-GPG-KEY

# yum install xorg-x11-drv-fglrx kmod-fglrx glx-utils

这期间可能要很长时间，也可能很短，比如我的长宽<10分钟搞定。这要视你的网速而定。所有过程都是自动完成的。你能做的就是等。

CODE:

# glxinfo | grep direct

查看是否安装成功。如果显示yes
的话就说明成功了。

－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－

如果是amd64位的cpu就接下去

实际上我们安装驱动的过程中就自动升级了内核。

修改/etc/grub.conf 在老的内核后面加上iommu=off

QUOTE:

kernel /vmlinuz-2.6…… ro
root=LABEL=/ rhgb quiet iommu=off

－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－

重起。

改分辨率。开启3D。

如果显示NO（我的就是NO）

那么尝试如下：

先到http://ati.amd.com/support/driver.html下载相应的驱动，比如我的笔记本显卡是：ATI
Mobility Radeon x1400
series,下载到本地是这样一个东西：ati-driver-installer-8-6-x86.x86_64.run，然后su到root权
限，输入：＃sh
ati-driver-installer-8-6-x86.x86_64.run,这样会弹出图形界面,你就一路下一步，比如最开始点continue，然后弹出一个协议，选accept，然后问你是automatic还是custom，默认是automatic，你就直接continue.最后装完，选exit即可。

然后，注销或重启，再次运行终端，su
到root权限，输入#aticonfig --initial（特别注意，这里initial前是两个横－－），会出现以下类似的提示：

[root@localhost ~]# aticonfig
--initial

Found fglrx primary device section

Using /etc/X11/xorg.conf

Saved back-up to /etc/X11/xorg.conf.fglrx-1

注销，您的ati显卡驱动装好了！但您会在系统／管理／显示的硬件信息中看到：显卡信息：Unknown
video
card，不过没关系，只要点“配置”中，有“fglrx-Vendor-supplied
driver for fglrx cards"这个信息就行了。

目前我的是装好了，估计是驱动的伟大问题，导致我开启3D白屏……

不过分辨率是正常了。开不开3D无所谓了，因为那个对我来说不常用到。

Monday, June 16, 2008

AP News (Jun.16.2008)

1. The floodwaters are receding in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, revealing just how much damage the high water has done. Meanwhile, those downstream are doing what they can to protect themselves from the coming deluge.

2. President Bush is in London for two days of talks about Iraq. He's set to meet with Prime Minister Gordon Brown to determine what needs to be done to bring more US and British troops home.

3. Authorities in Oklahoma are chasing down leads as they try to find whoever killed two young girls last weekend. They say they are also still trying to determine a motive in the killings of 13-year-old Taylor Paschal-Placker and 11-year-old Skyla Whitaker.

4. The flag is at half-staff and the main chair was empty this morning on NBC's “Meet the Press” . The network honored host Tim Russert who died on Friday by dedicating the hour-long program to his life and work.

Saturday, June 14, 2008

AP News (Jun.14.2008)

1. NBC newsman Tim Russert has died. The network says its Washington Bureau Chief and host of Meet the Press collapsed and died at work. Initial reports said the cause was a heart attack, but now the network says it's not sure. Tim Russert was 58.

2. Thousands have been evacuated from their Midwest homes, and there is a concern because more rain is expected in the region through the weekend. Nearly all of Iowa's counties have been declared state disaster areas, and nine rivers are at or above historic flood levels.

3. A metal clip broke off space shuttle Discovery's brakes, but NASA says the missing part doesn' t pose a threat for tomorrow's re-entry and landing. Ever since the Columbia tragedy 5 years ago, any shuttle part seen floating away in orbit gets NASA's attention-- fast.

4. R. Kelly was acquitted of all charges in his child porn trial, ending a six-year ordeal for the R&B superstar. The Grammy Award-winning singer had to faced 15 years in prison if convicted.

在Linux下配置PPPoE联网-----适用于ADSL和长城宽带等

要在Linux下使用PPPOE认证方式，必须安装PPPOE客户端软件。下面说明如何进行安装：

本文以RedHat Linux 6.2为实验平台，其它平台的Linux安装办法可以参照下面从源代码进行安装的步骤。

一、安装的前提条件

1.确保安装了网卡并工作正常

使用命令

#ifconfig eth0

查看网卡状态

2.在系统中不要设置默认路由(网关),让ADSL拨号后自动获得

如果已经设置了默认路由,使用以下方法删除:
在文件 /etc/sysconfig/network 中删除 GATEWAY= 这一行,然后以root执行:

#/etc/rc.d/init.d/network restart

3.已经安装了pppd软件包

如果存在文件 /usr/sbin/pppd,则说明已经安装了pppd;
如果未安装,从RedHatLinux 6.2安装光盘上安装ppp-2.3.11-4.i386.rpm这个软件包

二、安装PPPOE客户端软件

Linux下的PPPOE客户端软件比较多,而且大多使用GNU License,我们推荐使用rp-pppoe这个软件包。从http://www.roaringpenguin.com/pppoe/这个网站上，不仅可以下载 RedHat 62平台下的rp-pppoe的二进制软件包，而且可以下载源代码软件包。

1.二进制软件包的安装：
A.下载二进制软件包
http://www.roaringpenguin.com/pppoe/rp-pppoe-3.2-1.i386.rpm

B.进行安装

以root执行:
#rpm -Uvh rp-pppoe-3.2-1.i386.rpm

2.从源代码进行安装：

从源代码进行安装同样适用于其它平台的Linux,但必须在Linux系统中安装gcc编译器。

A.下载源代码软件包
http://www.roaringpenguin.com/pppoe/rp-pppoe-3.2.tar.gz

B.解压缩

#tar xvfz rp-pppoe-3.2.tar.gz
#cd rp-pppoe-3.2
C.进行编译和安装

运行脚本
#./go
将自动进行编译和安装，最后，调用/usr/sbin/adsl-setup进行配置，具体解释见三。

三、配置PPPOE客户端软件

安装完软件包后，必须配置pppoe的配置文件/etc/ppp/pppoe.conf，从而让ADSL拨号时使用配置文件中的用户名、密码等参数。我们不必手工改动这个文件，可以使用adsl-setup这个工具进行配置：

#/usr/sbin/adsl-setup

当出现
>>> Enter your PPPoE user name :
输入ADSL帐号的用户名

当出现
>>> Enter the Ethernet interface connected to the ADSL modem
For Solaris, this is likely to be something like /dev/hme0.
For Linux, it will be ethn, where 'n' is a number.
(default eth0):
输入 eth0 ,这是ADSL相连的网卡的名字

当出现
>>> Enter the demand value (default no):
输入 no

当出现
>>> Enter the DNS information here:
输入 server ,这表示使用ADSL拨号自动获得的DNS服务器IP地址

当出现
>>> Please enter your PPPoE password:
输入ADSL帐号的密码

当出现
>>> Choose a type of firewall (0-2):
输入 0 ，不使用防火墙

当出现
>>> Accept these settings and adjust configuration files (y/n)?
如果输入的信息正确，输入 y ,完成配置，否则，输入 n 重新输入。

四、启动PPPOE客户端软件

使用命令

/usr/sbin/adsl-start 启动PPPOE客户端软件,进行连接，如果成功，将出现
Connected;
如果不成功，请检查网线、ADSL MODEM等物理设备，并查看 /var/log/messages中的信息
/usr/sbin/adsl-stop 关闭和ISP的连接
/usr/sbin/adsl-status 查看当前连接的状态

如果想在Linux系统启动时自动启动ADSL连接，输入以下命令
#chkconfig --add adsl
将在当前的运行级下加入ADSL的自启动脚本

五、测试

当连接成功后，使用命令
#ifconfig -a

在输出中应该含有关于 ppp0 的一堆信息，其中还绑定了 IP 地址,说明已经从拨号中获得了IP地址。

使用命令

#netstat -nr

查看路由表信息，这时的默认路由应该是上面获得的IP地址。
如果没有默认路由，我们可以手动增加：

#route add default gw 上面获得的IP地址

使用命令

#nslookup www.sina.com.cn

如果解析出新浪的IP，说明已经从拨号中正确获得了DNS服务器

最后，使用命令ping某个域名或IP，如果有响应，表示你已经大功告成了。

六、其它说明

RedHat Linux 7.1已经集成了rp-pppoe这个软件包，只不过版本有些低，如果你不在意版本高低，可以直接进行三后面的步骤。

Friday, June 13, 2008

AP News (Jun.13.2008)

1. A group of Boy Scouts have been praised for coming to each other’s aid after a tornado struck their western Iowa camp. Four young men were killed, and nearly 50 others were hurt, 14 of them remain hospitalized. The teens were attending a week-long leadership training camp when the twister struck last night.

2. And parts of the Midwest have been swamped by flood water. Thousands of people have been evacuated as severe thunderstorms hit already flood-ravaged places. More than a half of Iowa’s counties have been declared state disaster areas.

3. Another setback for the Bush administration. The Supreme Court ruled the government is violating Guantanamo Bay detainees’ rights by holding them indefinitely and without charges. President Bush says he'll abide by the High Court's decision.

4. There is word a European brewer has offered 46 billion dollars to buy Anheuser-Busch, the maker of Budweiser, Bud Light and other brands. The news helped give Wall Street a rebound but stocks turned mixed late in the day.

Thursday, June 12, 2008

AP News (Jun.12.2008)

1. A sandbagged levee is still keeping the Cedar River out of downtown Cedar Falls, Iowa. But more rain is following and officials are asking for extra volunteer sandbaggers. Forecasters say a dry spell could be coming soon.

2. Low humidity and 40-mile-an-hour wind gusts are expected to make things tougher for crews battling wildfires in northern California. A blaze near Sacramento has already destroyed nearly 50 homes and buildings with another 275 threatened. Officials say the fire is about 60% contained.

3. Gasoline has reached another record. The national average is now $ 4.05 a gallon. The declining dollar and lower-than-expected oil stocks have pushed crude prices up again in New York.

4. And in Atlanta, a bizarre incident at a gas station. Witnesses say this man pulled in and started dancing naked on top of his car before getting back in, slamming his car into a row of gas pumps setting them on fire. Fire crews extinguished the blaze before it could spread to more pumps.

Wednesday, June 11, 2008

AP News(Jun.11.2008)

1. A plane carrying about 200 passengers veered off a runway in Sudan and burst into flames. Local television reports at least 100 people are dead. The Sudan Airways plane was landing in Khartoum at the end of a flight from Amman, Jordan.

2. In Wisconsin, authorities are watching dams in this rain-soaked state after a breach nearly emptied Lake Delton, washing away homes and a highway. A swamp of the Midwest is recovering from drenching storms. The weather is blamed for at least 15 deaths.

3. In the Senate, Republicans blocked a bill that would have imposed a new tax on profits from oil companies. Senators say the bill would have meant higher prices and increased oil imports. Meantime, gas prices rose another two cents to a national average of $4.04 a gallon.

4. On the side of a building in Japan, this woman tucks into bed, almost falling asleep. All part of a promotional stunt advertising a chain of hotels.

Tuesday, June 10, 2008

AP News (Jun.10.2008)

1. The true power of nature was on full display throughout the Midwest. Raging flood waters are still tearing through southern Indiana, swallowing farmland and homes. So far eight people have died from flooding in Michigan and Indiana.

2. McDonald's has stopped serving sliced tomatoes in its US restaurants. That's after concerns about salmonella food poisoning linked to some uncooked varieties. The grocer Winn-Dixie Stores said it was also taking some tomatoes off its shelves.

3. "It's good to be home. " That's from Senator Ted Kennedy after he returned to his family's compound on Cape Cod. The Massachusetts senator has been recovering from surgery to treat a cancerous brain tumor for the past week.

4. Apple has unveiled an upgraded iPhone with a faster Internet connection and GPS capabilities. Analysts say Apple needed to upgrade the iPhone's Internet connection to work over third-generation wireless networks. The company is hoping to hit its target of selling ten million of the devices by the end of the year.

Monday, June 09, 2008

AP News (Jun.9.2008)

1. At least three people are dead after severe storms hit the Midwest. In Indiana, rescuers in boats are still plucking people from rising waters, as parts of the state brace for more flooding. The storm also brought tornados, this one touched down near Chicago.

2. Investigators in Texas say a fire at the historic Governor's Mansion in Austin was likely arson. State officials say the damage borders on catastrophic. No one was inside the 152-year-old building when the blaze broke out. It had been undergoing a ten-million-dollar renovation.

3. The national average price for unleaded gas now tops the four-dollar-a-gallon mark. The highest average prices are in states like Alaska, California, Connecticut and Washington state. AAA says gas prices have gone up an average of about 33 cents a gallon since this time last month. Analysts say that's about 90 cents since this time last year.

4. Rafael Nadal has won his fourth straight French Open. Nadal won six consecutive games, dispatching Roger Federer with ease. It's the third straight year the two have met in the final.

A Fake Nokia BL-5F batt.

I've dissembled a Nokia BL-5F battery, which i thought is a fake one.

The battery has been used only several days, but i can see it has a seriously unshaped. The only thing i could certain is the core of it had wore out.

Tore off the sticky paper of the battery carefully, we will find a metal sealed core. That's it.

Due to this sucked quality core, the user will risking his life while using it.

Sunday, June 08, 2008

AP News (Jun.8.2008)

1. Senator Hillary Clinton has suspended her bid for the presidency. The former first lady was greeted by thousands of supporters in Washington. She's urging everyone to support Senator Barack Obama as the Democratic nominee.
2. Residents in northern Minnesota are cleaning up after strong storms ripped through parts of the Midwest, smashing houses and leaving thousands without power. The situation has been made worse for residents by hot temperatures baking the region.

3. The Olympic torch relay continues. It's now going through Nanning, China. There was a moment of silence at the beginning of the relay to remember the victims of last month's devastating earthquake.
4. Veteran sportscaster Jim McKay died of natural causes at his farm in Monkton, Maryland at the age of 86. When a raid to rescue Israeli athletes captured by terrorists during the 1972 Munich Olympics ended in tragedy, it was McKay who told Americans "They are all gone."

Wednesday, June 04, 2008

AP News (Jun.4.2008)

1. Barack Obama has effectively clinched the Democratic presidential nomination. Based on an Associated Press count of convention delegates, Obama has enough to become the first black candidate ever to lead his party into a fall campaign for the White House. The Illinois senator is also picking up the endorsement of former President Jimmy Carter.

2. Hillary Rodham Clinton has reportedly said she is open to being Barack Obama's vice presidential candidate. The comments were made on a conference call to New York lawmakers. Clinton is addressing supporters tonight in New York after the South Dakota and Montana primary results come in.

3. Reunions continue today in Texas for polygamous families and their children. Child welfare officials say most of the remaining children will be out of foster homes today. Although some parents are being told they may have to wait a few more days.

4. President Bush has honored the University of Kansas basketball team. The president met with the 2008 NCAA champs at Rose Garden ceremony. KU pulled out the title for the first time since 1988 when the team was last lauded at the White House.

Tuesday, June 03, 2008

AP News (Jun.3.2008)

1. Senator Ted Kennedy is out of surgery at Duke University. His doctor says a procedure to treat his cancerous brain tumor was successful. The 76-year-old now faces chemotherapy and radiation to treat the malignant glioma, a lethal type of brain tumor.

2. A Texas judge has placed some tight restrictions on the parents of 400 children who are being allowed to return to their polygamist compound. Among other things, the parents have to allow unannounced visits from the state.

3. Neil Entwistle arrived at a Boston-area courthouse for the beginning of his murder trial under heavy security. It's been nearly two years since he was charged with killing his wife and nine-month-old daughter.

4. Space shuttle Discovery performed a slow back flip and then docked at the International Space Station. It's delivering a massive lab and two new occupants: a NASA astronaut and Buzz Lightyear.

Monday, June 02, 2008

AP News (Jun.2.2008)

1. Fire crews in California are still cleaning up after a massive fire at Universal Studios. The blaze destroyed several sets including one from "Back to the Future". A King Kong exhibit and a video vault were also destroyed. Three firefighters were hurt. The cause isn't yet known.

2. Hillary Rodham Clinton has won Puerto Rico's primary. Fifty-five delegates are at stake there. However, Barack Obama is favored in the final two primaries Tuesday in Montana and South Dakota.

3. The Chicago priest whose comments about Hillary Clinton reignited the controversy over Barack Obama's former church has apologized to his parishioners. At his own church today, the Rev. Michael Pfleger said he isn't racist or sexist. He said the past few days have been the most painful of his life.

4. Space shuttle Discovery's seven-member crew has wrapped up an hours-long inspection to look for any signs of damage to its ship. About five pieces of debris broke off the fuel tank during lift-off yesterday, but none during the crucial first two minutes.

Sunday, August 24, 2008

Thursday, August 07, 2008

Monday, July 21, 2008

Thursday, July 17, 2008

1、何消除短信发送后系统管理员发回的已发送通知

2、如何消除“消息已发送”的提示

Friday, July 11, 2008

Thursday, July 10, 2008

Wednesday, July 09, 2008

Sunday, July 06, 2008

Friday, July 04, 2008

Friday, June 27, 2008

Wednesday, June 25, 2008

Monday, June 23, 2008

Friday, June 20, 2008

Monday, June 16, 2008

Saturday, June 14, 2008

Friday, June 13, 2008

Thursday, June 12, 2008

Wednesday, June 11, 2008

Tuesday, June 10, 2008

Monday, June 09, 2008

Sunday, June 08, 2008

Wednesday, June 04, 2008

Tuesday, June 03, 2008

Monday, June 02, 2008

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